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Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science · 0478
Topic 6: Automated and Emerging Technologies — Part 2
Robotics
What is robotics?
Robotics is the design, construction, and operation of robots — machines that can carry out tasks automatically, often mimicking or extending human physical abilities.
Examples include:
- Factory robots — welding, assembly, and packaging on production lines.
- Domestic robots — vacuum cleaners and lawn mowers.
- Drones — unmanned aerial vehicles used for delivery, surveying, and photography.
Characteristics of a robot
A robot typically has three essential characteristics:
- Mechanical structure
- A physical body with moving parts (arms, wheels, joints) that allows the robot to interact with its environment.
- Electrical components
- Includes sensors (to detect inputs), microprocessors (to process data and decide), and actuators (to produce movement or physical change).
- Programmability / flexibility
- The robot can be programmed to perform different tasks and adapted for new instructions — it is not limited to a single fixed action.
Advantages and disadvantages of robots
| Advantages | Disadvantages |
|---|---|
| Can work in hazardous environments (toxic, extreme heat/cold) unsafe for humans. | High initial cost to purchase and install. |
| Precision and consistency — repeat the same task without fatigue or error. | Complex maintenance requiring specialist technicians. |
| Increased productivity — operate continuously without breaks. | Potential job losses as robots replace manual labour. |
| Programmable — can be adapted for different tasks on the same hardware. | Lack of human judgement in unexpected or complex social situations. |
Areas where robots are used
- Industry — assembly lines, welding, painting, and quality inspection.
- Transport — self-driving vehicles and automated warehouse sorting.
- Agriculture — automated harvesting, planting, and crop monitoring.
- Medicine — surgical robots and automated dispensing systems.
- Domestic — vacuum cleaners, lawn mowers, and personal assistants.
- Entertainment — animatronics, theme park rides, and robotic toys.
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